![]() but which can operate directly on machine hardware. In this way, you can program code that works at a high level - it can have variables, functions, objects, templates, exceptions, etc. Many programming languages like C and C++ are compiled, which means that a special program called the compiler translates the source code down into assembly language, which can then be converted directly to machine code. It's possible to build big complex systems in assembly, but it's very difficult. Ultimately, the code is converted to machine code using an assembler, a program that translates the assembly to machine code. For example, you might have commands like "add" that do addition, "sub" for subtraction, or "call" for function calls. One step above machine code is assembly language, a very low-level macro-esque language that usually has a one-to-one mapping with the machine code. Machine code is essentially series of zeros and ones that are decoded in particular ways by the processor, and it would be all but impossible to build any complex system directly this way. These are usually low-level operations like "load a value into memory" or "add two values together." In theory, every program can be written in machine code, but this is rarely the case. ![]() ![]() There is no one "machine code," and every processor has its own set of instructions that can be executed. Ultimately, all programs on a computer execute by issuing instructions to the processor in machine code. This is a really great and really deep question that draws on a lot of parts of computer science. ![]()
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